Salmonella

General Information

Categorised as typhoidal and non-typhoidal serotypes.

Increasing resistance to various types of antibiotics.

Typhoidal: cause typhoid and para-typhoid fever.

Non-typhoidal: 1 of 4 key global causes of diarrhoeal diseases; most cases of salmonellosis are mild; but sometimes they can be life-threatening.

S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A and B are highly invasive bacteria that pass through the intestinal mucosa  of humans rapidly and efficiently to eventually reach the underlying lymphoid tissue and spread to other organs.

Transmission

Salmonella Typhi is usually spread through contaminated food or water.

Non-typhoidal Salmonella is usually spread through contaminated food, water or direct contact with animals.

Symptoms

Typhoidal Salmonella causes prolonged fever, fatigue, headache, nausea, abdominal pain, and constipation or diarrhoea. Some patients may have a rash. Severe cases may lead to serious complications or even death.

Non-typhoidal Salmonella  is usually characterized by acute onset of fever, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea and sometimes vomiting. Symptoms of salmonellosis are relatively mild, but in some cases, particularly in children and elderly patients, the associated dehydration can become severe and life-threatening.

Epidemiology

Typhoidal Salmonella results in approximately 9 million cases and 110,000 deaths every year.

Non-typhoidal salmonellosis was the second most common food-borne zoonosis in 2020, with 54,702 confirmed human cases.

Vaccines Pipeline

2
Vaccines in
the pipeline

TECHNOLOGY PLATFORMS

Generalised Modules for Membrane Antigens (1)
Glycoconjugate vaccine (1)

DEVELOPMENT PHASES

Phase I (2)

TRIAL POPULATION

Adults (2)

* 1 candidate is for typhoidal and paratyphoidal Salmonella and  1 for typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella

Source:
WHO. Typhoid. 2023 [cited 2023 August]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/typhoid.
WHO. Salmonella (non-typhoidal). 2018 [cited 2023 August]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/salmonella- (non-typhoidal).
ECDC, EFSA. The European Union Summary Report on Antimicrobial Resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2019–2020. 2022 [cited 2023 August]. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/european-union-summary-reportantimicrobial-resistance-zoonotic-and-indicator-6.